Why Project Management Essay - 1484 Words

WHY PROJECT MANAGEMENT? Project Management has become increasingly important for any corporation, organization, government agency, and even small businesses in the last couple of decades. Project Management, as defined in the text, is the application of knowledge, skills, and techniques to accomplish projects successfully and proficiently. It is a tool utilized to keep projects and its tasks organized, but if not used correctly, can bring down the entire project operation. I have witnessed, first hand, a Project Manager (PM) accomplishing his goals and tasks successfully for a particular project. Everything was running like a well oiled machine, when what I can only explain as â€Å"a god complex† intervened and halted the project three†¦show more content†¦The scope of a project cannot be elusive otherwise the project tasks will become poor in quality and lack substance to the end results. Being unclear with the project’s scope can cause scope creep. If the client expects certain res ults and feels they were delivered inadequately, then the scope contains, what I like to call, a â€Å"grey area†. Don’t leave anything within your scope open-ended. The life cycle with a finite due date attribute refers to all start ups, peaks, ups and downs, and completion due dates within a project. Times vary for completion of tasks and as explained prior, some tasks have to be completed so that other tasks can begin. Think of life cycle and due dates as a timeline or a histogram for the project. Calculating the unexpected is almost impossible, but any good Project Manager will learn to expect certain problems to arise and adapt accordingly. Whether a project starts hard and fast or begins slow, due dates have to be followed diligently. One project completion can also be the start up of the next follow on project. Having more than one project, working side by side at the same time, utilizing the same organizational resources is known as the inter dependencies attribute. Resources may be scarce in the organization due to the ongoing projects within it, so when defining the scope of the project, ensure that enough organizational resources (budget and tangibles) areShow MoreRelatedWhy Relationship Management Is Imperative For Project Management Essay2040 Words   |  9 Pages3.1. Why relationship management is imperative for project management in nowadays The aspect of the period, in the past, the project contains a contract of limited time. At this time, poor performance, such as time delays and cost overruns, are not uncommon in construction projects and the reasons behind these problems have attracted the attention of construction practitioners and researchers. Performance tries to avoid failure project. 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Improvement in Technology and Market Innovation Samples for Students

Question: How Do Improvement In Technology And Market Innovation? Answer: Introduction The emergence of neoliberalism along with globalization created a new era in the political and economy of various countries around the world. The concept of neoliberalism is made its significant presence in the mainstream of economy for almost 30years. The neoliberal approach assures everyone in the society that the people would be gaining from the effects of globalization. However, the real world scenario is somewhat different. This assignment highlights the various advantages and disadvantages of neoliberalism and globalisation and its effects of the economy and global politics. The advantages and disadvantages of the concepts of globalization and neo-liberalism have been highlighted in details in this assignment. Neoliberalism According to the concepts of neoliberalism, the economic policy highlights the fact that the flow of the economy needs to be maintained by the desire of expanding the market and intensifying it (Arkorful and Abaidoo 2015). This would result in minimizing the intervention of the government, along with assuring that all the people of the society would be gaining from the globalization. Neoliberalism often describes the free-market economics and the trade free policies and privatisation. Price deregulation and flexibility of the labour market is also an essential part of the neo liberal concept (Babb and Kentikelenis 2017). The various examples of the neo liberal approach includes the adoption of the free market policies in Chile in the late 1970s. This also includes, deregulation and reduction in the intervention of the government. Though, this approach assured the people of the society, that the economy is likely to be beneficial for all, however the reality is quite different. Advantages of neoliberal approach Free market: With the neoliberal approach, the free market system was introduced with price deregulation and flexibility in the labour markets. This free market initiated globalization, with market innovation and control (Barker 2014). This is advantageous from the perspective of globalization. Moreover, the free market enhanced trade and commerce thus, giving a boost to the global market. Reduced governmental intervention: The concept of neo liberalism resulted in the reduction in the governmental intervention and control over the global market. Thus, the economy and politics of the world witnessed a new concept, where the control of the market was on the regulators itself. The concept of neo liberalism also resulted in the Free Trade Agreement (FTA), among the various countries. This, the products of one country could be easily traded in the other countries, giving rise to globalization. Economic and political stability: Economic and political stability is achieved with neo liberalism. With FTA and rise of globalization, political stability among the countries, exchanging commodities is achieved. Moreover, the free market resulted in significant rise in the economic condition of the countries around the world, that has been incorporating neo liberalism Improvement in technology and market innovation: The free trade and free market increased the urge of innovation by the rulers of the market. Thus, use of new technologies was introduced in the market, increasing the overall market condition. These new technologies enhanced the overall market condition, thus providing an economic boost. Disadvantages of neoliberal approach Increase in the gap between poor and rich: Neo liberalism and globalization causes increase in the gaps between the poor and the rich. The increase in the efficiency of the market and the easily availability of trade increases the gap between the rich and poor of the society. While, one group of people has been gaining financially, the other group of people has been in deep poverty. The rich people are becoming richer and the poor is burdened with the economic hardship. Moreover, rise in completion with any governmental control has resulted in the increase in the gap between the individuals and the enterprises (Boratav 2016). This increase in the gaps among the rich and the poor, increased social discrimination in the society, which is not desirable. Provoked destruction in culture: Globalization has been bringing in products of various countries along with the adoption of the culture of the country. This results in provoked destruction of the culture of one country, with which trade relation has been established (Carmody and Owusu 2016). Over-globalization resulted in destruction of the culture of the developing countries, since the market of such countries have been over flooded with the commodities of various foreign lands. Monopoly power: The market has been experiencing increase in the monopoly of one or two market players. With the reduction in the intervention of the government and reduction in the governmental control, monopoly in the market is caused. Thus, the local traders have been deprived. This resulted in the social gaps to increase. Growth of financial flow: With a significant increase in the globalization, the flow of money in the market has been increased. This often results in inflation in the market, causing economic instability. Market fundamentalism: One of the greatest disadvantages of the neo liberal approach is the market fundamentalism. While advocating the usages of the free markets, the critical sector such as education and healthcare is often misplaced. These crucial sectors are not subjected to the same profit motivation. Moreover, the free market often results in ignoring the critic sectors like healthcare, proving detrimental for the society. Globalization One of the greatest effects of neo liberalism is globalization. Globalization refers to the concept of free trade and exchange of commodities for the purpose of trade and commerce. With the advent of globalization, free trade, free market and enhancement of economy has been witnessed (Ozer and Schwartz 2016). The concept of globalization is closely related to the concept of neo liberalism. Neo-liberalism ensures that globalization and free trading is caused assuring the benefit for all the people of the society. However, in the real world both neo-liberalism and globalization fails to benefit all the people of the society (Vassallo 2015). The advantages and disadvantages of globalization, in contexts to the offered benefits for all the people of the society have been mentioned below. Advantages of globalization Opens acceptance among the people of various nation: One of the greatest advantages of globalization is the acceptance of the culture of people of various nations. The people of the country might adopt the culture of other countries, thus enriching the culture of both the countries. This is essential in creating society with free access to the commodities of the world. Offers global market: Free trade among the countries enriches the global market and the global economy. The products that were not available in one country could be procured from other country, with which free trade agreement is signed (Dalton and Rama 2016). Rise in the wages of the unskilled labours: The unskilled labours experience increase in their wages since new avenues if trade are opened as a direct effect of globalization (O'Malley 2016). Foreign direct investments: Globalization welcomes foreign direct investments in various sectors such as healthcare and education. Thus the enhancement if these crucial sectors is caused as a direct effect of globalization. With the foreign direct investment, the crucial sectors are benefitted and enhanced technically. Disadvantages of globalization Along with various advantages of globalization, there are certain disadvantages. These are as follows: Unprecedented speed in human lives: Globalization has brought with itself unprecedented speed in the human lives of the people of the society (Larson 2016). This speed results in the increase in the mobility and decrease in the quality of human lives. Thus, economy and society might face lack of balance. High competition: The rise of competition from the foreign trades resulted in very high competition, thus the local trades ceased to survive. The competition is so high that local traders fail to survive the speed and rise in competition (Davidson et al. 2014). Invasion of infectious diseases: With the exchange of commodities, goods and traders, infectious diseases are also brought in to the countries, thus putting the lives of the people of the nation in stake (Metz 2013). Migration of population: People from the developed countries often travel to the developing countries for setting up their business in those countries (Hirst, Thompson and Bromley 2015). Migration of the people in a huge number might cause degradation of the lives of the local people. Decline in the balance of the society: With the rise of globalization, the economic gap between the rich and the poor has been rising constantly (McNabb 2015). Thus, the balance of the society is somewhat lost. Thus, the rich people is becoming richer and the poor people is becoming poorer. Hence, as seen, the concept of neo-liberalism and globalization promised to bring in a revolutionary change in the lives of the people, along with the assurance of giving advantage and benefit to all people of the society. However, in reality, the gap between the poor and the rich has been rising. Conclusion Neo-liberalism and globalization has indeed brought in revolutionary changes in the society all around the world. It is true that the economy of the world has increased and stabilized due to globalization. However, the expectations that people had from the two concepts were not fulfilled, as these concepts were focused to make the poor people rich. However, in reality, the rich people became richer, and the poor people remained under the burdens of poverty. Thus, these two concepts were designed to achieve a specific goal. Yet, it ended up in having a different effect on the society, that might prove to be an adverse one, for the economy of the society. References Arkorful, V. and Abaidoo, N., 2015. The role of e-learning, advantages and disadvantages of its adoption in higher education.International Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning,12(1), pp.29-42. Babb, S.L. and Kentikelenis, A.E., 2017. International financial institutions as agents of neoliberalism.The SAGE handbook of neoliberalism. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications. Barker, T., 2014. Spontaneous Order: Looking Back at Neoliberalism.Dissent,61(1), pp.91-94. Boratav, K., 2016. The Turkish Bourgeoisie under Neoliberalism.Research and Policy on Turkey,1(1), pp.1-10. Carmody, P. and Owusu, F., 2016. Neoliberalism, Urbanization and Change in Africa: the Political Economy of Heterotopias.Journal of African Development,18(18), pp.61-73. Dalton, B. and Rama, M.D., 2016. Understanding the rise and decline of shareholder activism in South Korea: the explanatory advantages of the theory of Modes of Exchange.Asia Pacific Business Review,22(3), pp.468-486. Davidson, C., Heyman, F., Matusz, S., Sjholm, F. and Zhu, S.C., 2014. Globalization and imperfect labor market sorting.Journal of International Economics,94(2), pp.177-194. Hirst, P., Thompson, G. and Bromley, S., 2015.Globalization in question. John Wiley Sons. Larson, J.L., 2016. The Authorial Self and Acquiring the Language of Neoliberalism in Slovakia.Neoliberalism, Personhood, and Postsocialism: Enterprising Selves in Changing Economies, p.71. McNabb, D., 2015. The role, advantages and disadvantages of regulating social work education in Aotearoa New Zealand. Metz, F., 2013. Globalization. Advantages and Disadvantages. O'Malley, P., 2016. Neoliberalism, Crime and Criminal Justice. Ozer, S. and Schwartz, S.J., 2016. Measuring globalization-based acculturation in Ladakh: Investigating possible advantages of a tridimensional acculturation scale.International Journal of Intercultural Relations,53, pp.1-15. Vassallo, S., 2015. A critical consideration of the alignment between the discourse of self-regulated learning and neoliberalism.Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties,20(1), pp.82-97.

Shipping Rates Essays - Shipping, Merchant Navy, Freight Rate, Cargo

Shipping Rates THE THEORY OF FREIGHT RATES An amazing assortment of goods are moved over the worlds ocean trade routes. Of necessity, the carriers charge for the service they render. These charges vary almost as widely as do the cargoes, for they mirror both the shipowner's costs and the special conditions prevailing on the trade routes traversed by the ships. Ocean freight rates may be described as the prices charged for the services of water carriers. Each ship operator develops it's own rates, usually without consultation with the shippers. The charges reflect the cost of providing the carriage, the value of this service to the owner of the goods, the ability of the merchandise to support the expense of transportation, and economic conditions in general. Freight rates truly reflect the working of the laws of supply and demand. In tramp shipping, particularly, it is possible to observe how these factors influence the rise or fall of freight rates from day to day and from cargo to cargo. Tramp ships transport, in shipload (or ?full cargo?) lots, commodities which, like coal, grain, ore, and phosphate rock, can be moved in bulk. The fact that usually only one shipper and one commodity are involved simplifies the establishment of a freight rate for this particular movement. To the capital charges of ownership and the expense of administration and overhead must be added the cost of running the ship, handling the cargo, and paying port fees and harbor dues. Against this total is set the number of tons to be hauled, and the resultant figure is what the tramp must charge, per ton of cargo loaded, to break even on the contemplated voyage. If competitive conditions permit, a margin for profit will form part of the quoted rate. If however the p revailing economic climate is unfavorable, the owner has the privilege of retiring the ship to a quit backwater, there to wait until the financial skies are brighter. The tramp operator does not depend upon the longterm goodwill of the shippers, but is free to accept those offers which appear profitable at the moment. When adversity threatens, those charters are accepted which minimize anticipated losses. If there is a choice, the cost of temporary lay-up is contrasted with the loss which continued operation might produce, and the less expensive alternative is selected in a bow to the inevitable made with whatever grace that can be mustered. Liner-service companies, on the other hand, depend for financial prosperity upon the accumulated goodwill of shippers who, through the years, come to rely upon the regular and continued operation of the company's fleet. Temporary withdrawal from service whenever economic conditions are less than favorable is unthinkable. The liner will sail on her regular run, whether full or not, she will carry a wide variety of commodities, each with its own peculiarities, in quantities which can be estimated in advance more or less accurately, but never with complete certainty. The ports of call are known far in advance of sailing, and the total expense of working the ship can be calculated with acceptable precision. Since, however, the exact distribution of tonnage, commodity by commodity, varies with every trip, it is not possible to establish a rate that reflects the cost of transporting a single ton of a particular commodity as closely as does a tramp owner's computation. This is not to sugges t that liner-service operators cannot compute to a nicety the costs of owning and operating their ships. They know to a fraction of a cent their daily costs for amortization and interest on borrowed capital, and what administrative expenses they must charge to individual voyages. In the same manner that their counterparts in the tramping trade are able to fix individual rates, liner owners can determine what they should charge per-ton to carry a single commodity when it is offered in lots sufficient to fill one of their ships. From experience, the liner- service operators know approximately what is going to move, voyage after voyage, and have a good idea of what tonnage to expect. They must estimate the overhead to be charged against each commodity and the out of pocket costs of handling them at ports of loading and discharge. An apportionment of

Hunter-gather societies Essay Example

Hunter Hunter-gather societies Paper Hunter-gather societies Paper Are there any general features which can be said to characterise hunter-gather societies? To what extent are such societies egalitarian? (2023 words) Abstract This essay will consist of information relevant to answering the title question. So, therefore I will go about explaining the question to the reader in a number of ways; I will first define what a hunter-gather society is and move on from there to explain the general features of these tribes, for a few examples; initiation rights to the different tribes. How tribes hunt, divisions of labour within the tribes and the general features. I will then find through my research if these types of tribes are egalitarian or not. I will also refer to a subject outside this specific module and link Marx and his socialist ideas to explain the other egalitarian side of the essay question. Introduction Hunter-gatherer societies exploit non-domestic and wild food resources. This way of gaining food includes the hunting of large and small game animals, fishing and the collection of various plant foods, food is collected from the immediate environment. The hunter-gatherer catch only as much as they can eat at any one time to avoid problems of storage. Hunter-gatherers typically live as part of a small camp, tribe or band made up of kin. The tribe is generally nomadic and follow the availability of food. It has been found that there is little role specialization, the main division of labour tends to be divided between age and gender, so that the healthy and capable hunt and gather for the old. Typically the men hunt and the women gather. Today barely 30,000 of the worlds population live by hunting and gathering, thats just 0.003% of the worlds population, and are decreasing in numbers, they represent not only our social origins but also account for a huge diversity of different cultural forms. The hunter-gatherer societies belong within a group of whats known as pre-modern societies. Within the pre-modern societies there are two other forms of how communities live outside of modernity, anthropologists have traditionally categorised non-modern societies according to the ways in which food is produced, they are; Pastoral societies and agrarian societies. The pastoral societies also hunt and gather but also keep a herd of animals, for example cattle, camels, horses. The herds supply the tribes with milk, meat and transport. Unlike hunter-gatherer societies this type of society make it possible to accumulate wealth through the animals that they keep and so therefore tend to be nomadic, But on the other hand, this type of society can lead to inequality and therefore be Non-egalitarian. Such societies can be found in places such as the Middle-East, Africa and Asia. Agrarian societies rely largely upon the cultivation of crops as means of food. This therefore provides a very reliable source of food than just going out to hunt, which in turn can support a much larger population of people living in that certain tribe or a society as a whole. On the contrary to Pastoral societies, Agrarian societies are not nomadic due to the growing and storage of crops but this also is a positive point as it enables people living within this certain society to accumulate personal wealth.

Problems faced by mortgagors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Problems faced by mortgagors - Essay Example It is because of this reason that mortgage products have become very popular across the world and they have enabled many people become homeowners. However, mortgage facilities present certain problems to the borrowers, which will be discussed in this present essay and even how they affect the economy of the United States. Secondly, the essay will discuss recent act of legislations or proposal by the United States’ federal government that pertains to the problems that would be highlighted. The nature of mortgage facility is that the borrower pays a monthly premium plus interest which is flexible meaning that the rate of the interest may increase or decrease depending on the market condition. Baily stated that borrowers’ problems usually arise when the rate of interest in the mortgage market increases while their income, which they use to repay the mortgage, remains steady (68-71). This therefore, creates a scenario whereby the borrower is unable to satisfactory pay the m onthly premiums and interest, which then forces the bank to enact the foreclosure agreement that would leave the borrower homeless. Such a problem derails the entire economic growth of the United States, which is still on a recovery phase, and unemployment is still an issue since according to Baily lower purchasing power by the consumers who are servicing high interest rate means low demand for goods and products (33-35). Bolà ©at and Coles also lamented that presently borrowers have been locked with high interest rates despite the fact.

Inter-Global Medicare Entrepreneurs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Inter-Global Medicare Entrepreneurs - Essay Example Following this two-tire approach to the industry, the facility’s plan will thus be fragmented to offer effective homage to both the facilities and it hopes to benefit more from strategic location of its premises. In the health care sector, access to quality care together with timely response is important. The event of seeking medical attention is usually necessitated by acute need for urgency. An effectively planned institution offers solution to all these. The firm seeks to build its facility in a highly populated area such as in the residential settlements of a city. This is an idea formed by the understanding that in the health sector, humans form the sole target. Consequently, situating a facility closer to the people makes it easier for them to reach the facility without much hustle. People will always seek medical services no matter how far the facilities may be situated. However, it is also understandable that should the facility be closer to the target market and offer effective and efficient services, then it is likely that the business will receive high demand. Emergency response is another aspect of medical service dispensation that will determine the success of any business venture in the sector. Accidents of varied forms occur in the society on a day-to-day basis; these require quick responses to help save life. Inter Global Medicare understands this quite well and is set to create a wing purposely for accidents and emergencies; this wing will be differ in its structure. It will have wider doors with free standing stretcher to help wheel clients into theatres and treatment rooms. This wing will also be deliberately situated to face the road and be accorded an ample parking lot. Strategy of placement and the design of the wing are important factors in the determination of the wing’s success; easier access and timely response will only be guaranteed if the wing conforms to the building standards of emergency rooms. The facility will have adequately qualified doctors and nurses whose services will be hired on a contract basis. A contract is more beneficial especially to a new facility such as the one in question. This is specifically so to try to cushion it against the volatilities in its operation. Should it fail to sustain the estimated postulations in its operations, then the business can very comfortably close operations without incurring unnecessary losses. The doctors and nurses hired by the firm will be highly qualified personnel whose services will guarantee the quality standards set by the institution. There are different market segments; there are is a segment is attracted to a product or service based on its prices while there is the average citizen who will

Past Movements in Education and Analysis of Curricuar Reforms Essay Example for Free

Past Movements in Education and Analysis of Curricuar Reforms Essay For an individual, it must be treated as a continuous process that should not end when graduation rites in each particular level of schooling are being held. True education is life, it must always be a part of our daily living, whether through formal or informal means. Educational systems in general, and educational curriculum in particular, also need not to be static. The curriculum should respond to the demands of a fast-changing society. To some extent, it should also be global or internationally-aligned. These are the reasons why foreign and local educational educators in the past and until now have been introducing educational reforms and innovations. They have been searching means to address the problems being met in the implementation of a certain curriculums and to ensure the total development of every learner. I. The Past Movements for Social Change in the School System Social change affects education. Centuries ago, pioneers of education have sought to introduce renewal in education. Their ideas were far ahead than the actual renewal that took place later on. Among them were Commenius, Condorcet, Rousseau, Pestalozzi, Froebel, Dewey, Drecoly, Montessori and Freinet. 1. Johann Amos Commenius -â€Å"Father of Modern Education† Most permanent educational influences: a. practical educational work Comenius was first a teacher and an organizer of schools, not only among his own people, but later in Sweden, and to a slight extent in Holland. In his Didactica Magna (Great Didactic), he outlined a system of schools that is the exact counterpart of the existing American system of kindergarten, elementary school, secondary school, college, and university. Didactica Magna is an educational treatise which aimed to seek and find a method of instruction by which teachers may teach less but learners may learn more, by which the school may be the scene of less noise, aversion, and useless labor, but of more leisure, enjoyment and solid progress; and through which the Christian community may have less darkness, perplexity (confusion) and dissension (disagreement), but on the other hand, more light, orderliness, peace and rest. b. formulating the general theory of education In this respect he is the forerunner of Rousseau, Pestalozzi, Froebel, etc. and is the first to formulate that idea of â€Å"education according to nature† so influential during the latter part of the eighteenth and early part of the nineteenth century. c. the subject matter and method of education -exerted through a series of textbooks of an entirely new nature His published works: Janua Linguarum Reserata (The Gateway of Language Unlocked) contained his convictio n (certainty) that one of the prerequisites for effective educational reform was a fundamental change in language of instruction. Orbis Pictus (The World of Sensible Things Pictured) contributed to the development of the principles of audio-visual interaction. It was the first successful applications of illustrations to the work of teaching, but not the first illustrated book for children. Schola Ludus (School as Play) a detailed exposition of the doctrine that all learning should be made interesting, dramatic and stimulating. These texts were all based on the same fundamental ideas: (1) learning foreign languages through the vernacular; (2) obtaining ideas through objects rather than words; (3) starting with objects most familiar to the child to introduce him to both the new language and the more remote world of objects: (4) giving the child a comprehensive knowledge of his environment, physical and social, as well as instruction in religious, moral, and classical subjects; (5) making this acquisition of a compendium of knowledge a pleasure rather than a task; and (6) making instruction universal. He also developed the pansophic scheme, the view that education should take the whole of human knowledge as its universe. For him, truth was indivisible and was to be seen as a whole. Thus by relating each subject to every other subject and to general principles, pansophia was to make the learner capable of wisdom. 2. Marquis De Condorcet Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat took his title Marquis de Condorcet from the town of Condorcet in Dauphine. He advocated that the aims of education were: o cultivate in each generation the physical, intellectual and moral facilities and, thereby contribute to the general and gradual improvement of the human race. He envisioned a national system of public education designed to develop the natural talents of all, making real equality possible. His proposals of the five levels of public instructions areas follows: 1. Elementary- for the teaching of the ‘elements’ of all knowledge (reading, writing, arithmetic, morals, economics and n atural science)and would be compulsory for all four years 2. Secondary school- of three years’ duration, teaching grammar, history and geography, one foreign language, the mechanical arts, law and mathematics. The teaching at this and the first level would be non-specialized. 3. Institutes- responsible for ‘substituting reasoning for eloquence and books for speech, and for bringing philosophy and the physical science methodology into the moral sciences’. The teaching at this level would be more specialized. Pupils would choose their own course of study (at least two courses a year) from among four classes: mathematics and physics, moral and political sciences, science as applied to the arts, and literature and fine arts. 4. Lycee the equivalent of universities, with the same classes as the institutes and ‘where all the sciences are taught in full. It is there that scholars-teachers receive their further training’. Education at this and the first three levels was to be entirely free of charge. 5. National Society of Science and the Arts a research institute responsible for supervising the formal education system as a whole and for appointing teachers. Its role would be one of scientific and pedagogical research. 3. Jean Jacques Rousseau According to the history of education, he was the first great writer to insist that education should be based upon the nature of the child. Rousseau’s Emile is a kind of half treatise, half novel that tells the life story of a fictional man named Emile. In the history of education, the significant contributions of Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi are: 1) his educational philosophy and instructional method that encouraged harmonious intellectual, moral, and physical development Pestalozzis most systematic work, How Gertrude Teaches Her Children (1801) was a critique of conventional schooling and a prescription for educational reform. Rejecting corporal punishment, rote memorization, and bookishness, Pestalozzi envisioned schools that were homelike institutions where teachers actively engaged students in learning by sensory experiences. Such schools were to educate individuals who were well rounded intellectually, morally, and physically. Through engagement in activities, students were to learn useful vocations that complemented their other studies. 2) his methodology of empirical sensory learning, especially through object lessons Pestalozzi designed object lessons in which children, guided by teachers, examined the form (shape), number (quantity and weight) of objects, and named them after direct experience with them. 3) his use of activities, excursions, and nature studies that anticipated Progressive education. He also emphasized the importance of the nature of the child and propounded (advocated) that in the educational process, the child must be thought in relation to the subject matter. He sought to understand the nature of the child and to build his teaching around the natural, progressive and harmonious development of all the powers and capacities. He is an advocate of each man’s right to education and of society’s duty to implement that right and pave the way to universal national education. His motto Learning by head, hand and heart is still a key principle in successful 21st-century schools. 5. Friedrich Froebel The German educator, Friedrich Froebel, was one of these pioneers of early childhood educational reform. Froebel’s educational principles: a) free self-activity As an educator, Froebel believed that stimulating voluntary self-activity in the young child was the necessary form of pre-school education (Watson, 1997a). Self-activity is defined as the development of qualities and skills that make it possible to take an invisible idea and make it a reality; self-activity involves formulating a purpose, planning out that purpose, and then acting on that plan until the purpose is realized (Corbett, 1998a). Corbett suggests that one of Froebels significant contributions to early childhood education was his theory of introducing play as a means of engaging children in self-activity for the purpose of externalizing their inner natures. ) creativity Froebel designed a series of instructional materials that he called gifts and occupations, which demonstrated certain relationships and led children in comparison, testing, and creative exploration activities (Watson, 1997b). A gift was an object provided for a child to play withsuch as a sphere, cube, or cylinderwhich helped the child to understand and internalize the concepts of shape, dimension, size, and their relationships (Staff, 1998). The occupations were items such as aints and clay which the children could use to make what they wished; through the occupations, children externalized the concepts existing within their creative minds (Staff, 1998). Therefore, through the childs own self-activity and creative imaginative play, the child would begin to understand both the inner and outer properties of things as he moves through the developmental stages of the educational process. c) social participation A third component of Froebels educational plan involved working closely with the family unit. Froebel believed that parents provided the first as well as the most consistent educational influence in a childs life. Since a childs first educational experiences occur within the family unit, he is already familiar with the home d) motor expression Motor expression, which refers to learning by doing as opposed to following rote instructions, is a very important aspect of Froebels educational principles. Froebel did not believe that the child should be placed into societys mold, but should be allowed to shape his own mold and grow at his own pace through the developmental stages of the educational process. 6. John Dewey He contributed the educational philosophy which maintains that education is life, education is growth and education is a continuous reconstruction of human experiences from the beginning to the end of life. He was the spokes person of progressive education which states that aims have significance only for persons, not for processes such as education, and arise only in response to problematic situations in ongoing activities. Aims are to be viewed as anticipated outcomes of transactions, as intrinsic aspects of the process of problem-solving, and as a motivating force behind the individual’s approach to problem-solving situations. The Progressive Education Association, inspired by Dewey’s ideas, later codified his doctrines as follows: a. The conduct of the pupils shall be governed by themselves, according to the social needs of the community. b. Interest shall be the motive for all work. c. Teachers will inspire a desire for knowledge, and will serve as guides in the investigations undertaken, rather than as task-masters. d. Scientific study of each pupil’s development, physical, mental, social and spiritual, is absolutely essential to the intelligent direction of his development. . Greater attention is paid to the child’s physical needs, with greater use of the out-of-doors. f. Cooperation between school and home will fill all needs of the child’s development such as music, dancing, play and other extra-curricular activities. g. All progressive schools will look upon their work as of the laboratory type, giving freely to the sum of educational knowledge the results of their experi ments in child culture. He believed that education has two sides: the psychological and the social on the same plane. Education must start from the psychological nature of the child as the basis for directing his energies into totally useful channels. Schools must be set up to include bond the individual and social goals. The needs of a new society are to be taken into consideration in modifying methods and curriculum. 7. Ovide Decroly He influenced instruction in the kindergarten, the aim of which was to guide the child’s desire for activity and to give him a sense of discipline and norms for his social behavior (same with Dewey) 8. Maria Montessori Maria Montessori left a long lasting mark on education around the world.